By WWII, scientists had already begun looking at alternative gelling substances for routine use in bacteriology, but concluded that agar was still better as it is both firmer and easier to handle. Today, some specialized microbiology applications use the colloid carrageenan (extracted from red seaweed Chondrus crispus, or “Irish Moss”), a more transparent and less auto-fluorescent alternative to agar (agar emits its own background fluorescence when excited by light). However, for routine bacteriological use, carrageenan is more difficult to dissolve, requires higher concentrations, can degrade at high temperatures, and forms weaker gels, which may result in puncturing its surface during the plating of cells.
庞若鸣本科毕业于上海交通大学，并于2006年在普林斯顿大学拿下计算机科学博士学位。他的职业生涯同样亮眼。在谷歌深耕五年后，他于2021年成为苹果基础模型团队的领军人物，负责开发Apple Intelligence背后的核心系统。当时苹果在AI领域的进展相对缓慢，甚至不得不考虑引入Anthropic或OpenAI的模型来为Siri提供支持。这种对自身局限性的默许，反衬出庞若鸣在苹果内部突围行动中的关键价值。
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